Results
There were 146,991 communicable disease notifications received by NNDSS in 2007 (Table 4).
In 2007, the most frequently notified diseases were sexually transmissible infections (62,474 notifications, 42.5% of total notifications), gastrointestinal diseases (30,325 notifications, 20.6% of total notifications) and vaccine preventable diseases (25,347 notifications, 17.2% of total notifications).
There were 19,570 notifications of bloodborne diseases; 6,823 notifications of vectorborne diseases; 1,762 notifications of other bacterial infections; 687 notifications of zoonoses and 3 quarantinable diseases (Table 4).
Table 4: Notifications to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Australia, 2007, by disease category rank order
Disease category |
Number | % |
|---|---|---|
| Sexually transmissible infections | 62,474 |
42.5 |
| Gastrointestinal diseases | 30,325 |
20.6 |
| Vaccine preventable diseases | 25,347 |
17.2 |
| Bloodborne diseases | 19,570 |
13.3 |
| Vectorborne diseases | 6,823 |
4.6 |
| Other bacterial infections | 1,762 |
1.2 |
| Zoonoses | 687 |
0.5 |
| Quarantinable diseases | 3 |
<0.1 |
| Total | 146,991 |
100 |
In 2007, the total number of notifications was the highest recorded in NNDSS since the surveillance system commenced data collection in 1991. There was an increase of 5% compared with the total number of notifications in 2006 (Figure 2). This was a small increase compared with increases observed in previous years and most likely related to the introduction of varicella as a new nationally notifiable disease.
Figure 2: Trends in notifications received by the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Australia, 1991 to 2007
Notifications and notification rates per 100,000 population for each disease by state or territory are shown in Table 5 and Table 6 respectively. Trends in notifications and rates per 100,000 population for the period 2002 to 2006 are shown in Table 7.
Table 5: Notifications of communicable diseases, Australia, 2007, by state or territory
Disease |
State or territory | Aust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | ||
Bloodborne diseases |
|||||||||
| Hepatitis (NEC) | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Hepatitis B (incident) | 13 |
56 |
9 |
63 |
11 |
9 |
84 |
42 |
287 |
| Hepatitis B (unspecified)* | 55 |
2,601 |
241 |
983 |
506 |
38 |
1,864 |
629 |
6,917 |
| Hepatitis C (incident) | 9 |
53 |
4 |
NN |
48 |
20 |
145 |
76 |
355 |
| Hepatitis C (unspecified)*,† | 191 |
4,190 |
223 |
2,726 |
574 |
254 |
2,621 |
1,198 |
11,977 |
| Hepatitis D | 0 |
11 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
4 |
34 |
Gastrointestinal diseases |
|||||||||
| Botulism | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Campylobacteriosis‡ | 418 |
NN |
289 |
4,438 |
2,675 |
712 |
6,352 |
2,100 |
16,984 |
| Cryptosporidiosis | 9 |
544 |
111 |
432 |
449 |
37 |
620 |
608 |
2,810 |
| Haemolytic uraemic syndrome | 1 |
13 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
19 |
| Hepatitis A | 2 |
65 |
5 |
28 |
5 |
3 |
36 |
21 |
165 |
| Hepatitis E | 1 |
8 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
18 |
| Listeriosis | 0 |
22 |
0 |
7 |
7 |
2 |
10 |
2 |
50 |
| Salmonellosis | 110 |
2,555 |
524 |
2,371 |
854 |
225 |
1,856 |
989 |
9,484 |
| Shigellosis | 0 |
71 |
173 |
88 |
62 |
3 |
96 |
104 |
597 |
| STEC, VTEC§ | 1 |
23 |
3 |
24 |
41 |
0 |
13 |
2 |
107 |
| Typhoid | 0 |
34 |
3 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
30 |
9 |
90 |
Quarantinable diseases |
|||||||||
| Cholera | 0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
| Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Plague | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Rabies | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Smallpox | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Viral haemorrhagic fever | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Yellow fever | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sexually transmitted infections |
|||||||||
| Chlamydial infection|| | 905 |
12,435 |
2,180 |
12,875 |
3,467 |
1,126 |
11,127 |
7,744 |
51,859 |
| Donovanosis | 0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
| Gonococcal infection | 45 |
1,379 |
1,600 |
1,338 |
457 |
38 |
988 |
1,760 |
7,605 |
| Syphilis (all)¶ | 28 |
1,106 |
281 |
440 |
51 |
36 |
843 |
214 |
2,999 |
| Syphilis < 2 years duration* | 9 |
434 |
119 |
232 |
51 |
8 |
427 |
101 |
1,381 |
| Syphilis – > 2 years or unspecified duration* | 19 |
672 |
162 |
208 |
NDP |
28 |
416 |
113 |
1,618 |
| Syphilis – congenital | 0 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
Vaccine preventable diseases |
|||||||||
| Diphtheria | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b | 0 |
7 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
17 |
| Influenza (laboratory confirmed)** | 390 |
1,918 |
183 |
4,590 |
280 |
415 |
1,589 |
1,038 |
10,403 |
| Measles | 0 |
4 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
12 |
| Mumps | 4 |
323 |
58 |
46 |
22 |
2 |
18 |
106 |
579 |
| Pertussis | 95 |
2,090 |
25 |
1,535 |
373 |
25 |
1,049 |
131 |
5,323 |
| Pneumococcal disease (invasive) | 34 |
522 |
66 |
323 |
91 |
30 |
278 |
131 |
1,475 |
| Poliomyelitis | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Rubella | 2 |
8 |
0 |
14 |
1 |
0 |
7 |
4 |
36 |
| Rubella – congenital | 0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
| Tetanus | 0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
| Varicella zoster (chickenpox)†† | 9 |
NN |
197 |
375 |
732 |
16 |
NN |
322 |
1,651 |
| Varicella zoster (shingles) †† | 6 |
NN |
89 |
387 |
587 |
92 |
NN |
386 |
1,547 |
| Varicella zoster (unspecified) †† | 102 |
NN |
3 |
3,072 |
437 |
25 |
NN |
659 |
4,298 |
Vectorborne diseases |
|||||||||
| Barmah Forest virus infection | 6 |
572 |
91 |
826 |
58 |
0 |
26 |
137 |
1,716 |
| Dengue virus infection | 3 |
81 |
15 |
120 |
22 |
3 |
16 |
54 |
314 |
| Flavivirus infection (NEC)‡‡ | 0 |
0 |
0 |
18 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
22 |
| Japanese encephalitis virus infection | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Kunjin virus infection§§ | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Malaria | 12 |
97 |
29 |
193 |
24 |
14 |
113 |
85 |
567 |
| Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection§§ | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Ross River virus infection | 12 |
840 |
300 |
2,137 |
211 |
7 |
95 |
601 |
4,203 |
Zoonoses |
|||||||||
| Anthrax | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Australia bat lyssavirus | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Brucellosis | 0 |
4 |
0 |
30 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
38 |
| Leptospirosis | 0 |
8 |
1 |
75 |
1 |
0 |
16 |
5 |
106 |
| Lyssavirus (NEC) | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Ornithosis | 0 |
34 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
50 |
3 |
92 |
| Q fever | 0 |
215 |
2 |
171 |
24 |
0 |
31 |
7 |
450 |
| Tularaemia | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other bacterial infections |
|||||||||
| Legionellosis | 4 |
105 |
3 |
52 |
17 |
3 |
42 |
81 |
307 |
| Leprosy | 0 |
4 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
12 |
| Meningococcal infection|||| | 3 |
112 |
6 |
75 |
15 |
5 |
68 |
20 |
304 |
| Tuberculosis | 10 |
446 |
53 |
144 |
59 |
6 |
356 |
65 |
1,139 |
| Total | 2,480 |
32,567 |
6,772 |
40,028 |
12,174 |
3,153 |
30,474 |
19,343 |
146,991 |
* Unspecified hepatitis and syphilis includes cases in whom the duration of infection could not be determined.
† In Queensland, includes incident hepatitis C cases.
‡ Notified as 'foodborne disease' or 'gastroenteritis in an institution' in New South Wales.
§ Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC/VTEC).
|| Includes Chlamydia trachomatis identified from cervical, rectal, urine, urethral, throat and eye samples, except for South Australia, which reports only genital tract specimens; Northern Territory, which excludes ocular specimens; and Western Australia, which excludes ocular and perinatal infections.
¶ Does not include congenital syphilis.
** Laboratory confirmed influenza was not a notifiable disease in South Australia but reports were forwarded to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.
†† Nationally notifiable from 2006 and first full year of national reporting from 2007.
‡‡ Flavivirus (NEC) replaced Arbovirus (NEC) from 1 January 2004.
§§ In the Australian Capital Territory, Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection and Kunjin virus infection are combined under Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection.
|||| Only invasive meningococcal disease is nationally notifiable. However, New South Wales and South Australia also report conjunctival cases.
NEC Not elsewhere classified.
NN Not notifiable.
NDP No data provided.
Table 6: Notification rates for nationally notifiable communicable diseases, Australia, 2007, by state or territory
Disease |
State or territory | Aust | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | ||
Bloodborne diseases |
|||||||||
| Hepatitis (NEC) | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Hepatitis B (incident) | 3.8 |
0.8 |
4.2 |
1.5 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
1.4 |
| Hepatitis B (unspecified)* | 16.2 |
37.8 |
112.1 |
23.5 |
31.9 |
7.7 |
35.8 |
29.9 |
32.9 |
| Hepatitis C (incident) | 2.6 |
0.8 |
1.9 |
NN |
3.0 |
4.1 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
2.1 |
| Hepatitis C (unspecified)*,† | 56.2 |
60.8 |
103.8 |
65.2 |
36.2 |
51.5 |
50.4 |
56.9 |
57.0 |
| Hepatitis D | 0.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
Gastrointestinal diseases |
|||||||||
| Botulism | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Campylobacteriosis‡ | 123.0 |
NN |
134.5 |
106.1 |
168.9 |
144.3 |
122.0 |
99.7 |
120.2 |
| Cryptosporidiosis | 2.6 |
7.9 |
51.6 |
10.3 |
28.3 |
7.5 |
11.9 |
28.9 |
13.4 |
| Haemolytic uraemic syndrome | 0.3 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
| Hepatitis A | 0.6 |
0.9 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
| Hepatitis E | 0.3 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
| Listeriosis | 0.0 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
| Salmonellosis | 32.4 |
37.1 |
243.8 |
56.7 |
53.9 |
45.6 |
35.7 |
47.0 |
45.1 |
| Shigellosis | 0.0 |
1.0 |
80.5 |
2.1 |
3.9 |
0.6 |
1.8 |
4.9 |
2.8 |
| STEC, VTEC§ | 0.3 |
0.3 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
2.6 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
| Typhoid | 0.0 |
0.5 |
1.4 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
Quarantinable diseases |
|||||||||
| Cholera | 0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Plague | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Rabies | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Smallpox | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Viral haemorrhagic fever | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Yellow fever | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Sexually transmitted infections |
|||||||||
| Chlamydial infection|| | 266.4 |
180.5 |
1014.3 |
307.9 |
218.8 |
228.2 |
213.8 |
367.7 |
246.8 |
| Donovanosis | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Gonococcal infection | 13.2 |
20.0 |
744.4 |
32.0 |
28.8 |
7.7 |
19.0 |
83.6 |
36.2 |
| Syphilis (all)¶ | 8.2 |
16.1 |
130.7 |
10.5 |
3.2 |
7.3 |
16.2 |
10.2 |
14.3 |
| Syphilis < 2 years duration* | 2.6 |
6.3 |
55.4 |
5.5 |
3.2 |
1.6 |
8.2 |
4.8 |
6.6 |
| Syphilis – > 2 years or unspecified duration* | 5.6 |
9.8 |
75.4 |
5.0 |
NDP |
5.7 |
8.0 |
5.4 |
8.3 |
| Syphilis – congenital | 0.0 |
0.1 |
0.9 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
Vaccine preventable diseases |
|||||||||
| Diphtheria | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b | 0.0 |
0.1 |
0.9 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
| Influenza (laboratory confirmed)** | 114.8 |
27.8 |
85.1 |
109.8 |
17.7 |
84.1 |
30.5 |
49.3 |
49.5 |
| Measles | 0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
| Mumps | 1.2 |
4.7 |
27.0 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
5.0 |
2.8 |
| Pertussis | 28.0 |
30.3 |
11.6 |
36.7 |
23.5 |
5.1 |
20.2 |
6.2 |
25.3 |
| Pneumococcal disease (invasive) | 10.0 |
7.6 |
30.7 |
7.7 |
5.7 |
6.1 |
5.3 |
6.2 |
7.0 |
| Poliomyelitis | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Rubella | 0.6 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
| Rubella – congenital | <0.1 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Tetanus | 0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Varicella zoster (chickenpox)†† | 2.6 |
NN |
91.7 |
9.0 |
46.2 |
3.2 |
NN |
15.3 |
18.5 |
| Varicella zoster (shingles)†† | 1.8 |
NN |
41.4 |
9.3 |
37.1 |
18.6 |
NN |
18.3 |
17.3 |
| Varicella zoster (unspecified)†† | 30.0 |
NN |
1.4 |
73.5 |
27.6 |
5.1 |
NN |
31.3 |
48.2 |
Vectorborne diseases |
|||||||||
| Barmah Forest virus infection | 1.8 |
8.3 |
42.3 |
19.8 |
3.7 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
6.5 |
8.2 |
| Dengue virus infection | 0.9 |
1.2 |
7.0 |
2.9 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
2.6 |
1.5 |
| Flavivirus infection (NEC)‡‡ | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
| Japanese encephalitis virus infection | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Kunjin virus infection§§ | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Malaria | 3.5 |
1.4 |
13.5 |
4.6 |
1.5 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
4.0 |
2.7 |
| Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection§§ | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Ross River virus infection | 3.5 |
12.2 |
139.6 |
51.1 |
13.3 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
28.5 |
20.0 |
Zoonoses |
|||||||||
| Anthrax | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
| Australia bat lyssavirus | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Brucellosis | 0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
0.2 |
| Leptospirosis | 0.0 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
| Lyssavirus (NEC) | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
| Ornithosis | 0.0 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
1.0 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
| Q fever | 0.0 |
3.1 |
0.9 |
4.1 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
2.1 |
| Tularaemia | 0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
Other bacterial infections |
|||||||||
| Legionellosis | 1.2 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
3.8 |
1.5 |
| Leprosy | 0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
| Meningococcal infection|||| | 0.9 |
1.6 |
2.8 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
| Tuberculosis | 2.9 |
6.5 |
24.7 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
1.2 |
6.8 |
3.1 |
5.4 |
* Unspecified hepatitis and syphilis includes cases in whom the duration of infection could not be determined.
† In Queensland, includes incident hepatitis C cases.
‡ Notified as 'foodborne disease' or 'gastroenteritis in an institution' in New South Wales.
§ Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC/VTEC).
|| Includes Chlamydia trachomatis identified from cervical, rectal, urine, urethral, throat and eye samples, except for South Australia, which reports only genital tract specimens; Northern Territory, which excludes ocular specimens; and Western Australia, which excludes ocular and perinatal infections.
¶ Does not include congenital syphilis.
** Laboratory confirmed influenza was not a notifiable disease in South Australia but reports were forwarded to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.
†† Nationally notifiable from 2006 and first full year of national reporting from 2007.
‡‡ Flavivirus (NEC) replaced Arbovirus (NEC) from 1 January 2004.
§§ In the Australian Capital Territory, Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection and Kunjin virus infection are combined under Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection.
|||| Only invasive meningococcal disease is nationally notifiable. However, New South Wales and South Australia also report conjunctival cases.
NEC Not elsewhere classified.
NN Not notifiable.
NDP No data provided.
Table 7: Notifications and notification rate for communicable diseases, Australia, 2002 to 2007, (per 100,000 population)
Disease |
Number of notifications | 5-year mean | Ratio | Notification rate per 100,000 population | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | |||
Bloodborne diseases |
||||||||||||||
| Hepatitis (NEC) | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
<0.1 |
0 |
| Hepatitis B (incident) | 392 |
348 |
282 |
251 |
294 |
287 |
313.4 |
0.9 |
2 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
| Hepatitis B (unspecified)* | 6,673 |
5,814 |
5,789 |
6,327 |
6,276 |
6,917 |
6,175.80 |
1.1 |
34 |
29.2 |
28.8 |
31 |
30.3 |
32.9 |
| Hepatitis C (incident) | 452 |
518 |
453 |
376 |
450 |
355 |
449.8 |
0.8 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
2.1 |
| Hepatitis C (unspecified)*,† | 15,615 |
13,661 |
12,694 |
11,992 |
11,972 |
11,977 |
13,186.80 |
0.9 |
79.5 |
68.7 |
63.1 |
58.8 |
57.8 |
57 |
| Hepatitis D | 22 |
27 |
29 |
30 |
31 |
34 |
27.8 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
Gastrointestinal diseases |
||||||||||||||
| Botulism | 0 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1.5 |
0.7 |
0 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
| Campylobacteriosis‡ | 14,744 |
15,361 |
15,579 |
16,493 |
15,407 |
16,984 |
15,516.80 |
1.1 |
113.2 |
116.2 |
116.1 |
120.9 |
111 |
120.2 |
| Cryptosporidiosis | 3,273 |
1,223 |
1,685 |
3,212 |
3,206 |
2,810 |
2,519.80 |
1.1 |
16.7 |
6.1 |
8.4 |
15.7 |
15.5 |
13.4 |
| Haemolytic uraemic syndrome | 13 |
15 |
16 |
20 |
14 |
19 |
15.6 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
| Hepatitis A | 392 |
430 |
319 |
326 |
281 |
165 |
349.6 |
0.5 |
2 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
| Hepatitis E | 12 |
12 |
28 |
30 |
24 |
18 |
21.2 |
0.8 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
| Listeriosis | 63 |
69 |
67 |
54 |
61 |
50 |
62.8 |
0.8 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
| Salmonellosis | 7,880 |
7,011 |
7,841 |
8,426 |
8,258 |
9,484 |
7,883.20 |
1.2 |
40.1 |
35.2 |
39 |
41.3 |
39.9 |
45.1 |
| Shigellosis | 507 |
442 |
520 |
729 |
545 |
597 |
548.6 |
1.1 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
3.6 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
| STEC, VTEC§ | 59 |
52 |
49 |
86 |
70 |
107 |
63.2 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
| Typhoid | 69 |
51 |
76 |
52 |
77 |
90 |
65 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
Quarantinable diseases |
||||||||||||||
| Cholera | 5 |
1 |
5 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3.4 |
0.9 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
| Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Plague | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Rabies | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Smallpox | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Viral haemorrhagic fever | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Yellow fever | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
– |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sexually transmissible infections |
||||||||||||||
| Chlamydial infection|| | 24,459 |
30,415 |
36,186 |
41,353 |
47,449 |
51,859 |
35,972.40 |
1.4 |
124.5 |
152.9 |
179.8 |
202.8 |
229.2 |
246.8 |
| Donovanosis | 17 |
16 |
10 |
13 |
6 |
3 |
12.4 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
| Gonococcal infection | 6,439 |
6,771 |
7,145 |
8,039 |
8,573 |
7,605 |
7,393.40 |
1 |
32.8 |
34 |
35.5 |
39.4 |
41.4 |
36.2 |
| Syphilis (all)¶ | 2,169 |
2,139 |
2,341 |
2,241 |
2,691 |
2,999 |
2,316.20 |
1.3 |
11 |
10.8 |
11.6 |
11 |
13 |
14.3 |
| Syphilis < 2 years duration* | NN |
NN |
636 |
653 |
871 |
1,381 |
720.0** |
1.9 |
NN |
NN |
3.2 |
3.2 |
4.2 |
6.6 |
| Syphilis > 2 years or unspecified duration* | NN |
NN |
1,705 |
1,588 |
1,820 |
1,618 |
1,704.3** |
0.9 |
NN |
NN |
9.2 |
8.4 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
| Syphilis – congenital | 18 |
13 |
13 |
15 |
13 |
8 |
14.4 |
0.6 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
<0.1 |
Vaccine preventable diseases |
||||||||||||||
| Diphtheria | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b | 31 |
19 |
15 |
17 |
22 |
17 |
20.8 |
0.8 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
| Influenza (laboratory confirmed)†† | 3,669 |
3,481 |
2,135 |
4,565 |
3,255 |
10,403 |
3,421.00 |
3 |
18.7 |
17.5 |
10.6 |
22.4 |
15.7 |
49.5 |
| Measles | 32 |
93 |
45 |
10 |
125 |
12 |
61 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
<0.1 |
0.6 |
0.1 |
| Mumps | 69 |
77 |
102 |
241 |
275 |
579 |
152.8 |
3.8 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
2.8 |
| Pertussis | 5,564 |
5,096 |
8,759 |
11,203 |
10,996 |
5,323 |
8,323.60 |
0.6 |
28.3 |
25.6 |
43.5 |
54.9 |
53.1 |
25.3 |
| Pneumococcal disease (invasive) | 2,441 |
2,233 |
2,369 |
1,745 |
1,455 |
1,475 |
2,048.60 |
0.7 |
12.4 |
11.2 |
11.8 |
8.6 |
7 |
7 |
| Poliomyelitis | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Rubella | 253 |
54 |
31 |
31 |
59 |
36 |
85.6 |
0.4 |
1.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
| Rubella – congenital | 2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
1.8 |
1.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
0 |
<0.1 |
| Tetanus | 4 |
4 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3.6 |
0.8 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
| Varicella zoster (chickenpox)‡‡ | NN |
NN |
NN |
16 |
1,521 |
1,651 |
768.5§§ |
2.1 |
NN |
NN |
NN |
0.2 |
17.4 |
18.5 |
| Varicella zoster (shingles)‡‡ | NN |
NN |
NN |
7 |
1,079 |
1,547 |
543.0§§ |
2.8 |
NN |
NN |
NN |
0.1 |
12.3 |
17.3 |
| Varicella zoster (unspecified)‡‡ | NN |
NN |
NN |
141 |
3,664 |
4,298 |
1,902.5§§ |
2.3 |
NN |
NN |
NN |
1.6 |
41.8 |
48.2 |
Vectorborne diseases |
||||||||||||||
| Barmah Forest virus infection | 910 |
1,367 |
1,105 |
1,324 |
2,142 |
1,716 |
1,369.60 |
1.3 |
4.6 |
6.9 |
5.5 |
6.5 |
10.3 |
8.2 |
| Dengue virus infection | 170 |
861 |
351 |
221 |
188 |
314 |
358.2 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
4.3 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.5 |
| Flavivirus infection (NEC)|||| | 73 |
60 |
61 |
27 |
32 |
22 |
50.6 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
| Japanese encephalitis virus infection | 0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.7 |
0 |
0 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Kunjin virus infection¶¶ | 0 |
7 |
6 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
3.4 |
0.3 |
0 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
| Malaria | 468 |
592 |
557 |
822 |
772 |
567 |
642.2 |
0.9 |
2.4 |
3 |
2.8 |
4 |
3.7 |
2.7 |
| Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection¶¶ | 2 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
1.5 |
0 |
<0.1 |
0 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
0 |
| Ross River virus infection | 1,459 |
3,850 |
4,209 |
2,545 |
5,547 |
4,203 |
3,522.00 |
1.2 |
7.4 |
19.4 |
20.9 |
12.5 |
26.8 |
20 |
Zoonoses |
||||||||||||||
| Anthrax | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0.2 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
| Australian bat lyssavirus | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Brucellosis | 40 |
20 |
38 |
41 |
50 |
38 |
37.8 |
1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
| Leptospirosis | 160 |
126 |
177 |
129 |
147 |
106 |
147.8 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
| Lyssavirus (NEC) | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Ornithosis | 213 |
200 |
239 |
164 |
169 |
92 |
197 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
1 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
| Q fever | 795 |
560 |
464 |
353 |
407 |
450 |
515.8 |
0.9 |
4 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
1.7 |
2 |
2.1 |
| Tularaemia | 0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Other bacterial infections |
||||||||||||||
| Legionellosis | 315 |
333 |
312 |
331 |
350 |
307 |
328.2 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
| Leprosy | 6 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
6 |
12 |
6.8 |
1.8 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
<0.1 |
0.1 |
| Meningococcal infection*** | 689 |
558 |
405 |
392 |
317 |
304 |
472.2 |
0.6 |
3.5 |
2.8 |
2 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
| Tuberculosis | 1,130 |
1,048 |
1,137 |
1,085 |
1,193 |
1,139 |
1,118.60 |
1 |
5.8 |
5.3 |
5.6 |
5.3 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
| Total | 99,599 |
102,910 |
113,666 |
125,497 |
139,482 |
146,991 |
116,230.80 |
1.3 |
||||||
* Unspecified hepatitis and syphilis includes cases in whom the duration of infection could not be determined.
† In Queensland, includes incident hepatitis C cases.
‡ Notified as 'foodborne disease' or 'gastroenteritis in an institution' in New South Wales.
§ Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC/VTEC).
|| Includes Chlamydia trachomatis identified from cervical, rectal, urine, urethral, throat and eye samples, except for South Australia, which reports only genital tract specimens; Northern Territory, which excludes ocular specimens; and Western Australia, which excludes ocular and perinatal infections.
¶ Does not include congenital syphilis.
** Ratios for syphilis <2 years; syphilis >2 years or unspecified duration based on 3 years data.
†† Laboratory confirmed influenza was not a notifiable disease in South Australia but reports were forwarded to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.
‡‡ Nationally notifiable from 2006 and first full year of national reporting from 2007.
§§ Ratios for varicella (chickenpox), varicella (shingles) and varicella (unspecified) based on 2 years data.
|||| Flavivirus (NEC) replaced Arbovirus (NEC) from 1 January 2004.
¶¶ In the Australian Capital Territory, Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection and Kunjin virus infection are combined under Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection.
*** Only invasive meningococcal disease is nationally notifiable. However, New South Wales and South Australia also report conjunctival cases.
NEC Not elsewhere classified.
NN Not notifiable.
The major changes in communicable disease notifications in 2007 are shown in Figure 3 as the ratio of notifications in 2007 to the mean number of notifications for the previous 5 years, or in the case of infectious syphilis, 3 years. Notifications of mumps, laboratory-confirmed influenza, infectious syphilis < 2 years, leprosy, Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC/VTEC), Barmah Forest virus infection, salmonellosis, and campylobacteriosis were above the historical mean. Notifications below the 5 year mean were Haemophilus influenzae type b, meningococcal infection, pertussis and measles. Notifications for the remaining diseases were within the historical range. The notification of a poliomyelitis case in 2007 was significant as it was the first case in 30 years, classified by WHO as an imported case as it was acquired in Pakistan.
Figure 3: Comparison of total notifications of selected diseases reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System in 2007, with the previous 5-year mean
* Exceeded 2 standard deviations above the 5-year mean.
† Syphilis < 2 years was based on a 3-year mean.
‡ Significant: 1st case in 30 years.
Data completeness
The case's sex was complete in 99.8% of notifications and age at onset in close to 100% of notifications (Table 8). In 2007, indigenous status was complete in 47.5% of notifications, and varied by jurisdiction. Indigenous status was complete for 88.8% of data reported in the Northern Territory, 79.7% in South Australia and 70.1% in Western Australia. In the remaining jurisdictions, less than 54% of data were complete for indigenous status.
Table 8: Completeness of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data received, Australia, 2007, by state or territory
| State or territory | Australia | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACT | NSW | NT | Qld | SA | Tas | Vic | WA | ||
| Total notifications | 2,480 |
32,575 |
6,772 |
41,219 |
12,179 |
3,153 |
30,478 |
20,047 |
148,903 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Unknown/missing | 6 |
125 |
1 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
201 |
0 |
339 |
| Per cent complete | 99.8 |
99.6 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
99.3 |
100.0 |
99.8 |
| Age at onset | |||||||||
| Unknown/missing | 0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
35 |
1 |
40 |
| Per cent complete | 100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
99.9 |
99.9 |
100.0 |
99.9 |
| Indigenous status | |||||||||
| Unknown/missing | 2,099 |
25,797 |
757 |
24,728 |
2,470 |
1,195 |
15,106 |
6,004 |
78,156 |
| Per cent complete | 15.4 |
20.8 |
88.8 |
40.0 |
79.7 |
62.1 |
50.4 |
70.1 |
47.5 |
Data completeness on indigenous status also varied by disease as summarised in Appendix 3. There were 6 diseases for which notifications were 100% complete for indigenous status.12 A further 8 diseases equalled or exceeded 90% completeness for indigenous status. Of the 12 key diseases agreed to by CDNA and the NSC in 2007 for improving Indigenous identification, seven of these had an Indigenous completeness, which exceeded 90% (donovanosis, infectious syphilis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, tuberculosis, leprosy, meningococcal infection and measles). The diseases for which there was less than 90% Indigenous completeness included gonococcal infection, invasive pneumococcal disease, hepatitis A, dengue virus infection, and shigellosis. In 2008, CDNA set target thresholds of 95% completeness for key diseases and 85% completeness for the remainder of the notifiable diseases.
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Communicable Diseases Surveillance
This issue - Vol 33 No 2, June 2009
NNDSS Annual report 2007
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